The Ten Commandments were meant exclusively for Jewish males.[65] Michael Coogan writes that according to the text wives are the property of their husband, marriage meaning transfer of property (from father to husband),[65] and women are less valuable than real estate, being mentioned after real estate.[65] Adultery is violating the property right of a man.[66] Coogan's book was criticized by Phyllis Trible, who argues that he failed to note that patriarchy was not decreed, but only described by God, patriarchy being specific to people after the fall.[67] She states that Paul the Apostle made the same mistake as Coogan.[67]
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The Manusmriti, also known as the Laws of Manu, deals with this in greater detail. When translated, verse 4.134 of the book declares adultery to be a heinous offense.[102] The Manusmriti does not include adultery as a "grievous sin", but includes it as a "secondary sin" that leads to a loss of caste.[103] In the book, the intent and mutual consent are a part that determine the recommended punishment. Rape is not considered as adultery for the woman, while the rapist is punished severely. Lesser punishment is recommended for consensual adulterous sex.[100] Death penalty is mentioned by Manu,[104] as well as "penance" for the sin of adultery.[103][105] even in cases of repeated adultery with a man of the same caste.[106] In verses 8.362-363, the author states that sexual relations with the wife of traveling performer is not a sin, and exempts such sexual liaisons.[107][108] The book offers two views on adultery. It recommends a new married couple to remain sexually faithful to each other for life. It also accepts that adulterous relationships happen, children are born from such relationships and then proceeds to reason that the child belongs to the legal husband of the pregnant woman, and not to the biological father.[109]
The theme of adultery has been used in many literary works, and has served as a theme for notable books such as Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary, Lady Chatterley's Lover, The Scarlet Letter and Adultery. It has also been the theme of many movies. 2ff7e9595c
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